Which type of neuron is characterized by a long axon and many shorter dendrites?

A multipolar neuron is characterized by having a long axon and multiple shorter dendrites. This structure is particularly suited for connecting the cell body to various other neurons, allowing it to integrate and process signals from numerous sources simultaneously. The multiple dendrites increase the surface area for receiving inputs, which facilitates communication with other neurons.

This type of neuron is commonly found in the central nervous system and is involved in a wide range of functions, including motor control and complex brain function. The long axon enables the transmission of impulses over long distances, effectively conveying signals throughout the neural networks in the body.

Other types of neurons, such as bipolar neurons, typically have one axon and one dendrite, allowing them to primarily transmit sensory information. Unipolar neurons have a single process that divides into two branches, mainly found in sensory pathways. Interneurons primarily connect other neurons and usually have shorter axons, often facilitating communication within local circuits in the central nervous system. Therefore, the defining features of a multipolar neuron distinctly align with the description in the question.